• Stress incontinence – Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy.
• Urge incontinence – You have a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. You may need to urinate often, including throughout the night. Urge incontinence may be caused by a minor condition, such as infection, or a more severe condition such as a neurological disorder or diabetes.
• Overflow incontinence – You experience frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn’t empty completely. 
• Functional incontinence – A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time. For example, if you have severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton your pants quickly enough.
• Mixed incontinence – You experience more than one type of urinary incontinence — most often this refers to a combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence.

Causes of urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence can also be a persistent condition caused by underlying physical problems or changes, including:

• Pregnancy – Hormonal changes and the increased weight of the fetus can lead to stress incontinence.
• Childbirth – Vaginal delivery can weaken muscles needed for bladder control and damage bladder nerves and supportive tissue, leading to a dropped (prolapsed) pelvic floor. With prolapse, the bladder, uterus, rectum or small intestine can get pushed down from the usual position and protrude into the vagina. Such protrusions may be associated with incontinence.
• Changes with age – Aging of the bladder muscle can decrease the bladder’s capacity to store urine. Also, involuntary bladder contractions become more frequent as you get older.
• Menopause – After menopause, women produce less estrogen, a hormone that helps keep the lining of the bladder and urethra healthy. Deterioration of these tissues can aggravate incontinence.
• Enlarged prostate – Especially in older men, incontinence often stems from enlargement of the prostate gland, a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia.
• Prostate cancer – In men, stress incontinence or urge incontinence can be associated with untreated prostate cancer. But more often, incontinence is a side effect of treatments for prostate cancer.
• Obstruction – A tumor anywhere along your urinary tract can block the normal flow of urine, leading to overflow incontinence. Urinary stones — hard, stone-like masses that form in the bladder — sometimes cause urine leakage.
• Neurological disorders – Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, a stroke, a brain tumor or a spinal injury can interfere with nerve signals involved in bladder control, causing urinary incontinence.

Treatment and prevention of urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence is not always preventable. However, to help decrease your risk:

• Exercise – Move more, maintain a healthy weight and practice pelvic floor exercises. A Physiotherapist can assist with targeted exercises.
• Reduce constipation – Eat more fiber, which can prevent constipation, a cause of urinary incontinence
• Avoid bladder irritants – such as caffeine, alcohol and acidic foods
• Don’t smoke – or seek help to quit if you’re a smoker.